Addis Ababa, founded in the 19th century by Emperor Menelik II, grew from a military camp into Ethiopia's capital. The city's development was significantly shaped by Menelik II's expansionist policies and the arrival of the railway. As the nation's capital, Addis Ababa became a melting pot, drawing people from diverse ethnic backgrounds, including the Amhara, Oromo, and Tigray, thus creating a rich cultural tapestry. This diversity is a reflection of Ethiopia's broader national identity. Addis Ababa's importance extends beyond Ethiopia, as it hosts the headquarters of the African Union (AU) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). These organizations make the city a vital center for African political, diplomatic, and economic affairs, solidifying its role as a key player on the continent.

The railway's development was intrinsically linked to Addis Ababa, serving as a crucial artery for its growth and connectivity. Emperor Menelik II's vision included connecting the capital to a port, which led to the initial construction phases, though not without challenges and route changes. The eventual completion of the line to Addis Ababa in 1917 marked a significant turning point, facilitating trade and solidifying the city's role as a major economic and political center. The railway, transitioning from the older meter-gauge line to the modern standard-gauge Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway, continues to be vital for the city's access to international trade routes and contributes to Ethiopia's overall development.

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